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PACS
PACS is the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme®. PACS numbers,
developed by the American Institute of Physics, have been used in Physical
Review since 1975 to identify fields and sub-fields of physics. (PACS codes
from the Acoustics Appendix are not included in some of the formats listed
below.)
- PACS Category 00: General
- PACS Category 10: The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields
- PACS Category 20: Nuclear Physics
- PACS Category 30: Atomic and Molecular Physics
- PACS Category 40: Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics
- PACS Category 50: Physics of Gases, Plasmas, and Electric Discharges
- PACS Category 60: Condensed Matter: Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties
- PACS Category 70: Condensed Matter: Electronic Structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties
- PACS Category 80: Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology
- PACS Category 90: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics
- Appendix to 43: Acoustics
40. Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics
- 41. Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics
- 41.20.-q Applied classical electromagnetism
- 41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems
- 41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary-value problems
- 41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation
- 41.50.+h X-ray beams and x-ray optics
- 41.60.-m Radiation by moving charges
- 41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation
- 41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation
- 41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers
- 41.75.-i Charged-particle beams
- 41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams
- 41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams
- 41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams
- 41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams
- 41.75.Jv Laser-driven acceleration
- 41.75.Lx Other advanced accelerator concepts
- 41.85.-p Beam optics
- 41.85.Ar Beam extraction, beam injection
- 41.85.Ct Beam shaping, beam splitting
- 41.85.Ew Beam profile, beam intensity
- 41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations
- 41.85.Ja Beam transport
- 41.85.Lc Beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles
- 41.85.Ne Electrostatic lenses, septa
- 41.85.Qg Beam analyzers, beam monitors, and Faraday cups
- 41.85.Si Beam collimators, monochromators
- 41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics (restricted to new topics in section 41)
- 42. Optics
- 42.15.-i Geometrical optics
- 42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing
- 42.15.Eq Optical system design
- 42.15.Fr Aberrations
- 42.25.-p Wave optics
- 42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption
- 42.25.Dd Wave propagation in random media
- 42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering
- 42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction
- 42.25.Hz Interference
- 42.25.Ja Polarization
- 42.25.Kb Coherence
- 42.25.Lc Birefringence
- 42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing
- 42.30.Kq Fourier optics
- 42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions
- 42.30.Ms Speckle and moire patterns
- 42.30.Rx Phase retrieval
- 42.30.Sy Pattern recognition
- 42.30.Tz Computer vision; robotic vision
- 42.30.Va Image forming and processing
- 42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography
- 42.40.-i Holography
- 42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings
- 42.40.Ht Hologram recording and readout methods
- 42.40.Jv Computer-generated holograms
- 42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques
- 42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics
- 42.40.My Applications
- 42.40.Pa Volume holograms
- 42.50.-p Quantum optics
- 42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory
- 42.50.Ct Quantum description of interaction of light and matter; related experiments
- 42.50.Dv Nonclassical states of the electromagnetic field, including entangled photon states; quantum state engineering and measurements
- 42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena in quantum optical systems
- 42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light; electromagnetically induced transparency and absorption
- 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multiphoton processes; dynamic Stark shift
- 42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps
- 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency
- 42.50.Nn Quantum optical phenomena in absorbing, dispersive and conducting media
- 42.50.Pq Cavity quantum electrodynamics; micromasers
- 42.50.St Nonclassical interferometry, subwavelength lithography
- 42.50.Vk Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, electrons, and ions
- 42.50.Xa Optical tests of quantum theory
- 42.55.-f Lasers
- 42.55.Ah General laser theory
- 42.55.Ks Chemical lasers
- 42.55.Lt Gas lasers including excimer and metal-vapor lasers
- 42.55.Mv Dye lasers
- 42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes
- 42.55.Rz Doped-insulator lasers and other solid state lasers
- 42.55.Sa Microcavity and microdisk lasers
- 42.55.Tv Photonic crystal lasers and coherent effects
- 42.55.Vc X- and gamma-ray lasers
- 42.55.Wd Fiber lasers
- 42.55.Xi Diode-pumped lasers
- 42.55.Ye Raman lasers
- 42.55.Zz Random lasers
- 42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation
- 42.60.By Design of specific laser systems
- 42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings
- 42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking
- 42.60.Gd Q-switching
- 42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation
- 42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters
- 42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior
- 42.60.Pk Continuous operation
- 42.60.Rn Relaxation oscillations and long pulse operation
- 42.62.-b Laser applications
- 42.62.Be Biological and medical applications
- 42.62.Cf Industrial applications
- 42.62.Eh Metrological applications; optical frequency synthesizers for precision spectroscopy
- 42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy
- 42.65.-k Nonlinear optics
- 42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability
- 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS
- 42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering
- 42.65.Hw Phase conjugation; photorefractive and Kerr effects
- 42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing and defocusing; self-phase modulation
- 42.65.Ky Frequency conversion; harmonic generation, including higher-order harmonic generation
- 42.65.Lm Parametric down conversion and production of entangled photons
- 42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching, including local field effects
- 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression
- 42.65.Sf Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos and complexity, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics
- 42.65.Tg Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves
- 42.65.Wi Nonlinear waveguides
- 42.65.Yj Optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers
- 42.66.-p Physiological optics
- 42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye
- 42.66.Ew Physiology of eye; optic-nerve structure and function
- 42.66.Lc Vision: light detection, adaptation, and discrimination
- 42.66.Ne Color vision: color detection, adaptation, and discrimination
- 42.66.Qg Scales for light and color detection
- 42.66.Si Psychophysics of vision, visual perception; binocular vision
- 42.68.-w Atmospheric and ocean optics
- 42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer
- 42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects
- 42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases
- 42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water; ice crystal phenomena
- 42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols
- 42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution
- 42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization
- 42.68.Sq Image transmission and formation
- 42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems
- 42.68.Xy Ocean optics
- 42.70.-a Optical materials
- 42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz
- 42.70.Df Liquid crystals
- 42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials
- 42.70.Hj Laser materials
- 42.70.Jk Polymers and organics
- 42.70.Km Infrared transmitting materials
- 42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media
- 42.70.Mp Nonlinear optical crystals
- 42.70.Nq Other nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive and semiconductor materials
- 42.70.Qs Photonic bandgap materials
- 42.72.-g Optical sources and standards
- 42.72.Ai Infrared sources
- 42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources
- 42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems
- 42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators
- 42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms and mirrors
- 42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers
- 42.79.Dj Gratings
- 42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators
- 42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors
- 42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers
- 42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators
- 42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices
- 42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices
- 42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters
- 42.79.Mt Schlieren devices
- 42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters
- 42.79.Pw Imaging detectors and sensors
- 42.79.Qx Range finders, remote sensing devices; laser Doppler velocimeters, SAR, and LIDAR
- 42.79.Ry Gradient-index (GRIN) devices
- 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers
- 42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks
- 42.79.Vb Optical storage systems, optical disks
- 42.79.Wc Optical coatings
- 42.81.-i Fiber optics
- 42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing
- 42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters
- 42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons
- 42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization
- 42.81.Ht Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber devices
- 42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros
- 42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.81.Uv Fiber networks
- 42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices
- 42.82.-m Integrated optics
- 42.82.Bq Design and performance testing of integrated-optical systems
- 42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer
- 42.82.Ds Interconnects, including holographic interconnects
- 42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays
- 42.82.Fv Hybrid systems
- 42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems
- 42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques
- 42.87.-d Optical testing techniques
- 42.87.Bg Phase shifting interferometry
- 42.88.+h Environmental and radiation effects on optical elements, devices, and systems
- 42.90.+m Other topics in optics (restricted to new topics in section 42)
- 43. Acoustics
- 43.20.+g General linear acoustics
- 43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics
- 43.28.+h Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound
- 43.30.+m Underwater sound
- 43.35.+d Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound
- 43.38.+n Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound
- 43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration
- 43.50.+y Noise: its effects and control
- 43.55.+p Architectural acoustics
- 43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation
- 43.60.+d Acoustic signal processing
- 43.64.+r Physiological acoustics
- 43.66.+y Psychological acoustics
- 43.70.+i Speech production
- 43.71.+m Speech perception
- 43.72.+q Speech processing and communication systems
- 43.75.+a Music and musical instruments
- 43.80.+p Bioacoustics
- 43.90.+v Other topics in acoustics (restricted to new topics in section 43)
- 44. Heat transfer
- 44.05.+e Analytical and numerical techniques
- 44.10.+i Heat conduction
- 44.15.+a Channel and internal heat flow
- 44.20.+b Boundary layer heat flow
- 44.25.+f Natural convection
- 44.27.+g Forced convection
- 44.30.+v Heat flow in porous media
- 44.35.+c Heat flow in multiphase systems
- 44.40.+a Thermal radiation
- 44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer (restricted to new topics in section 44)
- 45. Classical mechanics of discrete systems
- 45.05.+x General theory of classical mechanics of discrete systems
- 45.10.-b Computational methods in classical mechanics
- 45.10.Db Variational and optimization methods
- 45.10.Hj Perturbation and fractional calculus methods
- 45.10.Na Geometrical and tensorial methods
- 45.20.-d Formalisms in classical mechanics
- 45.20.Dd Newtonian mechanics
- 45.20.Jj Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics
- 45.30.+s General linear dynamical systems
- 45.40.-f Dynamics and kinematics of rigid bodies
- 45.40.Cc Rigid body and gyroscope motion
- 45.40.Gj Ballistics (projectiles; rockets)
- 45.40.Ln Robotics
- 45.50.-j Dynamics and kinematics of a particle and a system of particles
- 45.50.Dd General motion
- 45.50.Jf Few- and many-body systems
- 45.50.Pk Celestial mechanics
- 45.50.Tn Collisions
- 45.70.-n Granular systems
- 45.70.Cc Static sandpiles; granular compaction
- 45.70.Ht Avalanches
- 45.70.Mg Granular flow: mixing, segregation and stratification
- 45.70.Qj Pattern formation
- 45.70.Vn Granular models of complex systems; traffic flow
- 45.80.+r Control of mechanical systems
- 45.90.+t Other topics in classical mechanics of discrete systems (restricted to new topics in section 45)
- 46. Continuum mechanics of solids
- 46.05.+b General theory of continuum mechanics of solids
- 46.15.-x Computational methods in continuum mechanics
- 46.15.Cc Variational and optimizational methods
- 46.15.Ff Perturbation and complex analysis methods
- 46.25.-y Static elasticity
- 46.25.Cc Theoretical studies
- 46.25.Hf Thermoelasticity and electromagnetic elasticity (electroelasticity, magnetoelasticity)
- 46.32.+x Static buckling and instability
- 46.35.+z Viscoelasticity, plasticity, viscoplasticity
- 46.40.-f Vibrations and mechanical waves
- 46.40.Cd Mechanical wave propagation (including diffraction, scattering, and dispersion)
- 46.40.Ff Resonance, damping and dynamic stability
- 46.40.Jj Aeroelasticity and hydroelasticity
- 46.50.+a Fracture mechanics, fatigue and cracks
- 46.55.+d Tribology and mechanical contacts
- 46.65.+g Random phenomena and media
- 46.70.-p Application of continuum mechanics to structures
- 46.70.De Beams, plates and shells
- 46.70.Hg Membranes, rods and strings
- 46.70.Lk Other structures
- 46.80.+j Measurement methods and techniques in continuum mechanics of solids
- 46.90.+s Other topics in continuum mechanics of solids (restricted to new topics in section 46)
- 47. Fluid dynamics
- 47.10.+g General theory
- 47.11.+j Computational methods in fluid dynamics
- 47.15.-x Laminar flows
- 47.15.Cb Laminar boundary layers
- 47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows
- 47.15.Gf Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows
- 47.15.Hg Potential flows
- 47.15.Ki Inviscid flows with vorticity
- 47.15.Pn Laminar suspensions
- 47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities
- 47.17.+e Mechanical properties of fluids
- 47.20.-k Hydrodynamic stability
- 47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instability
- 47.20.Cq Inviscid instability
- 47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability
- 47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows
- 47.20.Gv Viscous instability
- 47.20.Hw Morphological instability; phase changes
- 47.20.Ky Nonlinearity (including bifurcation theory)
- 47.20.Lz Secondary instability
- 47.20.Ma Interfacial instability
- 47.20.Pc Receptivity
- 47.27.-i Turbulent flows, convection, and heat transfer
- 47.27.Ak Fundamentals
- 47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence
- 47.27.Eq Turbulence simulation and modeling
- 47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence
- 47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence
- 47.27.Lx Wall-bounded thin shear flows
- 47.27.Nz Boundary layer and shear turbulence
- 47.27.Pa Thick shear flows
- 47.27.Qb Turbulent diffusion
- 47.27.Rc Turbulence control
- 47.27.Sd Noise (turbulence generated)
- 47.27.Te Convection and heat transfer
- 47.27.Vf Wakes
- 47.27.Wg Jets
- 47.32.-y Rotational flow and vorticity
- 47.32.Cc Vortex dynamics
- 47.32.Ff Separated flows
- 47.35.+i Hydrodynamic waves
- 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity
- 47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock and detonation phenomena
- 47.40.Dc General subsonic flows
- 47.40.Hg Transonic flows
- 47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows
- 47.40.Nm Shock wave interactions and shock effects
- 47.45.-n Rarefied gas dynamics
- 47.45.Dt Free molecular flows
- 47.45.Gx Slip flows
- 47.45.Nd Accommodation
- 47.50.+d Non-Newtonian fluid flows
- 47.52.+j Chaos
- 47.53.+n Fractals
- 47.54.+r Pattern selection; pattern formation
- 47.55.-t Nonhomogeneous flows
- 47.55.Bx Cavitation
- 47.55.Dz Drops and bubbles
- 47.55.Hd Stratified flows
- 47.55.Kf Multiphase and particle-laden flows
- 47.55.Mh Flows through porous media
- 47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits
- 47.62.+q Flow control
- 47.65.+a Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics
- 47.70.-n Reactive, radiative, or nonequilibrium flows
- 47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows
- 47.70.Mc Radiation gas dynamics
- 47.70.Nd Nonequilibrium gas dynamics
- 47.75.+f Relativistic fluid dynamics
- 47.80.+v Instrumentation for fluid dynamics
- 47.85.-g Applied fluid mechanics
- 47.85.Dh Hydrodynamics, hydraulics, hydrostatics
- 47.85.Gj Aerodynamics
- 47.85.Kn Hydraulic and pneumatic machinery
- 47.85.Np Fluidics
- 47.90.+a Other topics in fluid dynamics (restricted to new topics in section 47)
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