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PACS
PACS is the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme®. PACS numbers,
developed by the American Institute of Physics, have been used in Physical
Review since 1975 to identify fields and sub-fields of physics. (PACS codes
from the Acoustics Appendix are not included in some of the formats listed
below.)
- PACS Category 00: General
- PACS Category 10: The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields
- PACS Category 20: Nuclear Physics
- PACS Category 30: Atomic and Molecular Physics
- PACS Category 40: Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics
- PACS Category 50: Physics of Gases, Plasmas, and Electric Discharges
- PACS Category 60: Condensed Matter: Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties
- PACS Category 70: Condensed Matter: Electronic Structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties
- PACS Category 80: Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology
- PACS Category 90: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics
- Appendix to 43: Acoustics
60. Condensed Matter: Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties
- 61. Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography
- 61.10.-i X-ray diffraction and scattering
- 61.10.Dp Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.10.Eq X-ray scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.10.Ht X-ray absorption spectroscopy: EXAFS, NEXAFS, XANES, etc.
- 61.10.Kw X-ray reflectometry (surfaces, interfaces, films)
- 61.10.Nz X-ray diffraction
- 61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.12.Ex Neutron scattering (including small-angle scattering)
- 61.12.Ha Neutron reflectometry
- 61.12.Ld Neutron diffraction
- 61.14.-x Electron diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering
- 61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)
- 61.14.Lj Convergent-beam electron diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, nanodiffraction
- 61.14.Nm Electron holography
- 61.14.Qp X-ray photoelectron diffraction
- 61.18.-j Other methods of structure determination
- 61.18.Bn Atom, molecule, and ion scattering
- 61.18.Fs Magnetic resonance techniques; Mцssbauer spectroscopy
- 61.20.-p Structure of liquids
- 61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure
- 61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure
- 61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; relaxation
- 61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids
- 61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc.
- 61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures
- 61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases
- 61.25.Em Molecular liquids
- 61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts; swelling
- 61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys
- 61.30.-v Liquid crystals
- 61.30.Cz Molecular and microscopic models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Dk Continuum models and theories of liquid crystal structure
- 61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and other structures
- 61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order
- 61.30.Hn Surface phenomena: alignment, anchoring, anchoring transitions, surface-induced layering, surface-induced ordering, wetting, prewetting transitions, and wetting transitions
- 61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals
- 61.30.Mp Blue phases and other defect-phases
- 61.30.Pq Microconfined liquid crystals: droplets, cylinders, randomly confined liquid crystals, polymer dispersed liquid crystals, and porous systems
- 61.30.St Lyotropic phases
- 61.30.Vx Polymer liquid crystals
- 61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics
- 61.43.-j Disordered solids
- 61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation
- 61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors, metals, and alloys
- 61.43.Er Other amorphous solids
- 61.43.Fs Glasses
- 61.43.Gt Powders, porous materials
- 61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion-limited aggregates)
- 61.44.-n Semi-periodic solids
- 61.44.Br Quasicrystals
- 61.44.Fw Incommensurate crystals
- 61.46.+w Nanoscale materials: clusters, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanocrystals
- 61.48.+c Fullerenes and fullerene-related materials
- 61.50.-f Crystalline state
- 61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling
- 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of phase transformations; pressure effects
- 61.50.Lt Crystal binding; cohesive energy
- 61.50.Nw Crystal stoichiometry
- 61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids
- 61.66.Bi Elemental solids
- 61.66.Dk Alloys
- 61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds
- 61.66.Hq Organic compounds
- 61.68.+n Crystallographic databases
- 61.72.-y Defects and impurities in crystals; microstructure
- 61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects
- 61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing
- 61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering
- 61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.)
- 61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.)
- 61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters
- 61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations
- 61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries
- 61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects
- 61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.)
- 61.72.Ss Impurity concentration, distribution, and gradients
- 61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon
- 61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors
- 61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials
- 61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect
- 61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage (for photochemical reactions, see 82.50.-m)
- 61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects
- 61.80.Ba Ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation effects (including laser radiation)
- 61.80.Cb X-ray effects
- 61.80.Ed gamma-ray effects
- 61.80.Fe Electron and positron radiation effects
- 61.80.Hg Neutron radiation effects
- 61.80.Jh Ion radiation effects
- 61.80.Lj Atom and molecule irradiation effects
- 61.82.-d Radiation effects on specific materials
- 61.82.Bg Metals and alloys
- 61.82.Fk Semiconductors
- 61.82.Ms Insulators
- 61.82.Pv Polymers, organic compounds
- 61.82.Rx Nanocrystalline materials
- 61.85.+p Channeling phenomena (blocking, energy loss, etc.)
- 61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids; crystallography (restricted to new topics in section 61)
- 62. Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter
- 62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids
- 62.20.-x Mechanical properties of solids
- 62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants
- 62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity (including yield, ductility, and superplasticity)
- 62.20.Hg Creep
- 62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks
- 62.20.Qp Tribology and hardness
- 62.25.+g Mechanical properties of nanoscale materials
- 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations
- 62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances
- 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock wave effects in solids and liquids
- 62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids
- 62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids
- 62.80.+f Ultrasonic relaxation
- 62.90.+k Other topics in mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter (restricted to new topics in section 62)
- 63. Lattice dynamics
- 63.10.+a General theory
- 63.20.-e Phonons in crystal lattices
- 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion
- 63.20.Kr Phonon-electron and phonon-phonon interactions
- 63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with other quasiparticles
- 63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions
- 63.20.Pw Localized modes
- 63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes
- 63.22.+m Phonons or vibrational states in low-dimensional structures and nanoscale materials
- 63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems
- 63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations and displacive phase transitions
- 63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics (restricted to new topics in section 63)
- 64. Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions
- 64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria
- 64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances
- 64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions
- 64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions
- 64.60.Cn Order-disorder transformations; statistical mechanics of model systems
- 64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents
- 64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena
- 64.60.Kw Multicritical points
- 64.60.My Metastable phases
- 64.60.Qb Nucleation
- 64.70.-p Specific phase transitions
- 64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions
- 64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions
- 64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions
- 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions
- 64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals
- 64.70.Nd Structural transitions in nanoscale materials
- 64.70.Pf Glass transitions
- 64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions
- 64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing; phase separation
- 64.90.+b Other topics in equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions (restricted to new topics in section 64)
- 65. Thermal properties of condensed matter
- 65.20.+w Thermal properties of liquids: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
- 65.40.-b Thermal properties of crystalline solids
- 65.40.Ba Heat capacity
- 65.40.De Thermal expansion; thermomechanical effects
- 65.40.Gr Entropy and other thermodynamical quantities
- 65.60.+a Thermal properties of amorphous solids and glasses: heat capacity, thermal expansion, etc.
- 65.80.+n Thermal properties of small particles, nanocrystals, nanotubes
- 65.90.+i Other topics in thermal properties of condensed matter (restricted to new topics in section 65)
- 66. Transport properties of condensed matter (nonelectronic)
- 66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids
- 66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion
- 66.10.Ed Ionic conduction
- 66.20.+d Viscosity of liquids; diffusive momentum transport
- 66.30.-h Diffusion in solids
- 66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids
- 66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys
- 66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals
- 66.30.Jt Diffusion of impurities
- 66.30.Lw Diffusion of other defects
- 66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion; diffusion barriers
- 66.30.Pa Diffusion in nanoscale solids
- 66.30.Qa Electromigration
- 66.30.Xj Thermal diffusivity
- 66.35.+a Quantum tunneling of defects
- 66.60.+a Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids
- 66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in solids; thermal waves
- 66.90.+r Other topics in nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter (restricted to new topics in section 66)
- 67. Quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium
- 67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid 4He)
- 67.40.-w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of 4He
- 67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models
- 67.40.Db Quantum statistical theory; ground state, elementary excitations
- 67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena
- 67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels
- 67.40.Jg Ions in liquid 4He
- 67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties
- 67.40.Mj First sound
- 67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance
- 67.40.Rp Films and weak link transport
- 67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence
- 67.40.Yv Impurities and other defects
- 67.55.-s Normal phase of liquid 3He
- 67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties
- 67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics
- 67.55.Hc Transport properties
- 67.55.Ig Ions in normal liquid 3He
- 67.55.Jd Collective modes
- 67.55.Lf Impurities
- 67.57.-z Superfluid phase of liquid 3He
- 67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties
- 67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics
- 67.57.Fg Textures and vortices
- 67.57.Gh Ions in superfluid 3He
- 67.57.Hi Transport properties
- 67.57.Jj Collective modes
- 67.57.Lm Spin dynamics
- 67.57.Np Behavior near interfaces
- 67.57.Pq Impurities
- 67.60.-g Mixed systems; liquid 3He, 4He mixtures
- 67.60.Dm HeI-3He
- 67.60.Fp HeII-3He
- 67.60.Hr Dilute superfluid 3He in He II
- 67.60.Js Ions in liquid 3He-4He mixtures
- 67.65.+z Spin-polarized hydrogen and helium
- 67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption)
- 67.80.-s Solid helium and related quantum crystals
- 67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation
- 67.80.Gb Thermal properties
- 67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance
- 67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion
- 67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium (restricted to new topics in section 67)
- 68. Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional systems (structure and nonelectronic properties)
- 68.03.-g Gas-liquid and vacuum-liquid interfaces
- 68.03.Cd Surface tension and related phenomena
- 68.03.Fg Evaporation and condensation
- 68.03.Hj Structure, measurements and simulations
- 68.03.Kn Dynamics (capillary waves)
- 68.05.-n Liquid-liquid interfaces
- 68.05.Cf Structure, measurements and simulations
- 68.05.Gh Interfacial properties of microemulsions
- 68.08.-p Liquid-solid interfaces
- 68.08.Bc Wetting
- 68.08.De Structure, measurements and simulations
- 68.15.+e Liquid thin films
- 68.18.-g Langmuir-Blodgett films on liquids
- 68.18.Fg Structure: measurements and simulations
- 68.18.Jk Phase transitions
- 68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces: Structure and energetics
- 68.35.Af Atomic scale friction
- 68.35.Bs Structure of clean surfaces (reconstruction)
- 68.35.Ct Interface structure and roughness
- 68.35.Dv Composition, segregation; defects and impurities
- 68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation
- 68.35.Gy Mechanical properties; surface strains
- 68.35.Iv Acoustical properties
- 68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations
- 68.35.Md Surface thermodynamics, surface energies
- 68.35.Np Adhesion
- 68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena
- 68.37.-d Microscopy of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films
- 68.37.Ef Scanning tunneling microscopy (including chemistry induced with STM)
- 68.37.Hk Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (including EBIC)
- 68.37.Lp Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (including STEM, HRTEM, etc.)
- 68.37.Nq Low energy electron microscopy (LEEM)
- 68.37.Ps Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
- 68.37.Rt Magnetic force microscopy (MFM)
- 68.37.Tj Acoustic force microscopy
- 68.37.Uv Near-field scanning microscopy and spectroscopy
- 68.37.Vj Field emission and field-ion microscopy
- 68.37.Xy Scanning Auger microscopy, photoelectron microscopy
- 68.37.Yz X-ray microscopy
- 68.43.-h Chemisorption/physisorption: adsorbates on surfaces
- 68.43.Bc Ab initio calculations of adsorbate structure and reactions
- 68.43.De Statistical mechanics of adsorbates
- 68.43.Fg Adsorbate structure (binding sites, geometry)
- 68.43.Hn Structure of assemblies of adsorbates (two- and three-dimensional clustering)
- 68.43.Jk Diffusion of adsorbates, kinetics of coarsening and aggregation
- 68.43.Mn Adsorption/desorption kinetics
- 68.43.Pq Adsorbate vibrations
- 68.43.Rs Electron stimulated desorption
- 68.43.Tj Photon stimulated desorption
- 68.43.Vx Thermal desorption
- 68.47.-b Solid-gas/vacuum interfaces: types of surfaces
- 68.47.De Metallic surfaces
- 68.47.Fg Semiconductor surfaces
- 68.47.Gh Oxide surfaces
- 68.47.Jn Clusters on oxide surfaces
- 68.47.Mn Polymer surfaces
- 68.47.Pe Langmuir-Blodgett films on solids; polymers on surfaces; biological molecules on surfaces
- 68.49.-h Surface characterization by particle-surface scattering
- 68.49.Bc Atom scattering from surfaces (diffraction and energy transfer)
- 68.49.Df Molecule scattering from surfaces (energy transfer, resonances, trapping)
- 68.49.Fg Cluster scattering from surfaces
- 68.49.Jk Electron scattering from surfaces
- 68.49.Sf Ion scattering from surfaces (charge transfer, sputtering, SIMS)
- 68.49.Uv X-ray standing waves
- 68.55.-a Thin film structure and morphology
- 68.55.Ac Nucleation and growth: microscopic aspects
- 68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness; crystalline orientation and texture
- 68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc.
- 68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification
- 68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic
- 68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties
- 68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects
- 68.60.Wm Other nonelectronic physical properties
- 68.65.-k Low-dimensional, mesoscopic, and nanoscale systems: structure and nonelectronic properties
- 68.65.Ac Multilayers
- 68.65.Cd Superlattices
- 68.65.Fg Quantum wells
- 68.65.Hb Quantum dots
- 68.65.La Quantum wires
- 68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties)
- 68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and low-dimensional structures (restricted to new topics in section 68)
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