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PACS
PACS is the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme®. PACS numbers,
developed by the American Institute of Physics, have been used in Physical
Review since 1975 to identify fields and sub-fields of physics. (PACS codes
from the Acoustics Appendix are not included in some of the formats listed
below.)
- PACS Category 00: General
- PACS Category 10: The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields
- PACS Category 20: Nuclear Physics
- PACS Category 30: Atomic and Molecular Physics
- PACS Category 40: Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics
- PACS Category 50: Physics of Gases, Plasmas, and Electric Discharges
- PACS Category 60: Condensed Matter: Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties
- PACS Category 70: Condensed Matter: Electronic Structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties
- PACS Category 80: Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology
- PACS Category 90: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics
- Appendix to 43: Acoustics
50. Physics of Gases, Plasmas, and Electric Discharges
- 51. Physics of gases
- 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases
- 51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity
- 51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state
- 51.35.+a Mechanical properties; compressibility
- 51.40.+p Acoustical properties
- 51.50.+v Electrical properties (ionization, breakdown, electron and ion mobility, etc.)
- 51.60.+a Magnetic properties
- 51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties
- 51.90.+r Other topics in the physics of gases (restricted to new topics in section 51)
- 52. Physics of plasmas and electric discharges
- 52.20.-j Elementary processes in plasmas
- 52.20.Dq Particle orbits
- 52.20.Fs Electron collisions
- 52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions
- 52.25.-b Plasma properties
- 52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations
- 52.25.Fi Transport properties
- 52.25.Gj Fluctuation and chaos phenomena
- 52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas
- 52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas
- 52.25.Mq Dielectric properties
- 52.25.Os Emission, absorption, and scattering of electromagnetic radiation
- 52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles
- 52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas
- 52.25.Xz Magnetized plasmas
- 52.25.Ya Neutrals in plasmas
- 52.27.-h Basic studies of specific kinds of plasmas
- 52.27.Aj Single-component, electron-positive-ion plasmas
- 52.27.Cm Multicomponent and negative-ion plasmas
- 52.27.Ep Electron-positron plasmas
- 52.27.Gr Strongly-coupled plasmas
- 52.27.Jt Nonneutral plasmas
- 52.27.Lw Dusty or complex plasmas; plasma crystals
- 52.27.Ny Relativistic plasmas
- 52.30.-q Plasma dynamics and flow
- 52.30.Cv Magnetohydrodynamics (including electron magnetohydrodynamics)
- 52.30.Ex Two-fluid and multi-fluid plasmas
- 52.30.Gz Gyrokinetics
- 52.35.-g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasmas and intense beams
- 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves (e.g., Alfven waves)
- 52.35.Dm Sound waves
- 52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion-acoustic waves)
- 52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid)
- 52.35.Kt Drift waves
- 52.35.Lv Other linear waves
- 52.35.Mw Nonlinear phenomena: waves, wave propagation, and other interactions (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.)
- 52.35.Py Macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped-particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.)
- 52.35.Qz Microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma, drift, ion- or electron-cyclotron, etc.)
- 52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence
- 52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes
- 52.35.Tc Shock waves and discontinuities
- 52.35.Vd Magnetic reconnection
- 52.35.We Plasma vorticity
- 52.38.-r Laser-plasma interactions
- 52.38.Bv Rayleigh scattering; stimulated Brillouin and Raman scattering
- 52.38.Dx Laser light absorption in plasmas (collisional, parametric, etc.)
- 52.38.Fz Laser-induced magnetic fields in plasmas
- 52.38.Hb Self-focussing, channeling, and filamentation in plasmas
- 52.38.Kd Laser-plasma acceleration of electrons and ions
- 52.38.Mf Laser ablation
- 52.38.Ph X-ray, gamma-ray and particle generation
- 52.40.-w Plasma interactions (nonlaser)
- 52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma
- 52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides
- 52.40.Hf Plasma-material interactions; boundary layer effects
- 52.40.Kh Plasma sheaths
- 52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasmas
- 52.50.-b Plasma production and heating
- 52.50.Dg Plasma sources
- 52.50.Gj Plasma heating by particle beams
- 52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams (laser-foil, laser-cluster, etc.)
- 52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression
- 52.50.Nr Plasma heating by DC fields; ohmic heating, arcs
- 52.50.Qt Plasma heating by radio-frequency fields; ICR, ICP, helicons
- 52.50.Sw Plasma heating by microwaves; ECR, LH, collisional heating
- 52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium
- 52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat loss, energy balance, field structure, etc.
- 52.55.Ez Theta pinch
- 52.55.Fa Tokamaks, spherical tokamaks
- 52.55.Hc Stellarators, torsatrons, heliacs, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices
- 52.55.Ip Spheromaks
- 52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors, gas dynamic traps
- 52.55.Lf Field-reversed configurations, rotamaks, astrons, ion rings, magnetized target fusion, and cusps
- 52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.), fast particle effects
- 52.55.Rk Power exhaust; divertors
- 52.55.Tn Ideal and resistive MHD modes; kinetic modes
- 52.55.Wq Current drive; helicity injection
- 52.57.-z Laser inertial confinement
- 52.57.Bc Target design and fabrication
- 52.57.Fg Implosion symmetry and hydrodynamic instability (Rayleigh-Taylor, Richtmyer-Meshkov, imprint, etc.)
- 52.57.Kk Fast ignition of compressed fusion fuels
- 52.58.-c Other confinement methods
- 52.58.Ei Light-ion inertial confinement
- 52.58.Hm Heavy-ion inertial confinement
- 52.58.Lq Z-pinches, plasma focus and other pinch devices
- 52.58.Qv Electrostatic and high-frequency confinement
- 52.59.-f Intense particle beams and radiation sources
- 52.59.Bi Grid- and ion-diode-accelerated beams
- 52.59.Dk Magneto-plasma accelerated plasmas
- 52.59.Fn Multistage accelerated heavy-ion beams
- 52.59.Hq Dense plasma focus
- 52.59.Mv High-voltage diodes
- 52.59.Px Hard X-ray sources
- 52.59.Qy Wire array Z-pinches
- 52.59.Rz Free-electron devices
- 52.59.Sa Space-charge-dominated beams
- 52.59.Tb Moderate-intensity beams
- 52.59.Wd Emittance-dominated beams
- 52.59.Ye Plasma devices for generation of coherent radiation
- 52.65.-y Plasma simulation
- 52.65.Cc Particle orbit and trajectory
- 52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck and Vlasov equation
- 52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation
- 52.65.Pp Monte Carlo methods
- 52.65.Rr Particle-in-cell method
- 52.65.Tt Gyrofluid and gyrokinetic simulations
- 52.65.Vv Perturbative methods
- 52.65.Ww Hybrid methods
- 52.65.Yy Molecular dynamics methods
- 52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation
- 52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements
- 52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements
- 52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements
- 52.70.La X-ray and gamma-ray measurements
- 52.70.Nc Particle measurements
- 52.72.+v Laboratory studies of space- and astrophysical-plasma processes
- 52.75.-d Plasma devices
- 52.75.Di Ion and plasma propulsion
- 52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes
- 52.75.Hn Plasma torches
- 52.75.Kq Plasma switches (e.g., spark gaps)
- 52.75.Xx Thermionic and filament-based sources (e.g., Q machines, double- and triple-plasma devices, etc.)
- 52.77.-j Plasma applications
- 52.77.Bn Etching and cleaning
- 52.77.Dq Plasma-based ion implantation and deposition
- 52.77.Fv High-pressure, high-current plasmas (plasma spray, arc welding, etc.)
- 52.80.-s Electric discharges
- 52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges
- 52.80.Hc Glow; corona
- 52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning; atmospheric electricity
- 52.80.Pi High-frequency and RF discharges
- 52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires
- 52.80.Sm Magnetoactive discharges (e.g., Penning discharges)
- 52.80.Tn Other gas discharges
- 52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum
- 52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids and solids
- 52.80.Yr Discharges for spectral sources (including inductively coupled plasma)
- 52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges (restricted to new topics in section 52)
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