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PACS
PACS is the Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme®. PACS numbers,
developed by the American Institute of Physics, have been used in Physical
Review since 1975 to identify fields and sub-fields of physics. (PACS codes
from the Acoustics Appendix are not included in some of the formats listed
below.)
- PACS Category 00: General
- PACS Category 10: The Physics of Elementary Particles and Fields
- PACS Category 20: Nuclear Physics
- PACS Category 30: Atomic and Molecular Physics
- PACS Category 40: Electromagnetism, Optics, Acoustics, Heat Transfer, Classical Mechanics, and Fluid Dynamics
- PACS Category 50: Physics of Gases, Plasmas, and Electric Discharges
- PACS Category 60: Condensed Matter: Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties
- PACS Category 70: Condensed Matter: Electronic Structure, Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties
- PACS Category 80: Interdisciplinary Physics and Related Areas of Science and Technology
- PACS Category 90: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics
- Appendix to 43: Acoustics
90. Geophysics, Astronomy, and Astrophysics
- 91. Solid Earth physics
- 91.10.-v Geodesy and gravity
- 91.10.By Mathematical geodesy; general theory
- 91.10.Da Cartography
- 91.10.Fc Space geodetic surveys
- 91.10.Jf Topography; geometric observations
- 91.10.Kg Crustal movements
- 91.10.Lh Photogrammetry
- 91.10.Nj Rotational variations; polar wobble
- 91.10.Pp Gravimetric measurements and instruments
- 91.10.Qm Harmonics of the gravity potential field
- 91.10.Rn Rheology of lithosphere and mantle
- 91.10.Sp Satellite orbits
- 91.10.Tq Earth tides
- 91.10.Vr Ocean/Earth/atmosphere interaction
- 91.10.Ws Reference systems
- 91.25.-r Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; geoelectricity
- 91.25.Cw Origins and models of the magnetic field; dynamo theories
- 91.25.Dx Archeomagnetism
- 91.25.Ey Interactions between exterior sources and interior properties
- 91.25.Ga Spatial variations: all harmonics and anomalies
- 91.25.Jc Spatial variations attributed to sea floor spreading
- 91.25.Le Time variations: diurnal to secular
- 91.25.Mf Reversals
- 91.25.Ng Paleomagnetism
- 91.25.Ph Magnetostratigraphy
- 91.25.Qi Geoelectricity; electromagnetic induction and conductivity (magnetotelluric effects)
- 91.30.-f Seismology
- 91.30.Bi Seismic sources (mechanisms, magnitude, moment frequency spectrum)
- 91.30.Dk Seismicity: space and time distribution
- 91.30.Fn Surface and body waves
- 91.30.Ks Free oscillations (periods less than 12 hours)
- 91.30.Mv Strong motions and shock waves
- 91.30.Nw Tsunamis
- 91.30.Px Phenomena related to earthquake prediction
- 91.30.Rz Explosion seismology
- 91.30.Tb Volcano seismology
- 91.30.Vc Continental crust seismology
- 91.30.Ye Oceanic crust seismology
- 91.35.-x Earth's interior structure and properties
- 91.35.Cb Models of interior structure
- 91.35.Dc Heat flow; geothermy
- 91.35.Ed Structure of the Earth's interior below the upper mantle
- 91.35.Gf Structure of the crust and upper mantle
- 91.35.Lj Composition of Earth's interior
- 91.35.Nm Geochronology
- 91.35.Pn Tomography of the Earth's interior
- 91.40.-k Volcanology
- 91.40.Bp Ash deposits
- 91.40.Dr Atmospheric effects
- 91.40.Ft Eruptions
- 91.40.Hw Lava
- 91.45.-c Physics of plate tectonics
- 91.45.Cg Continental margins
- 91.45.Dh Plate tectonics
- 91.45.Ei Neotectonics
- 91.45.Fj Convection currents
- 91.45.Pt Slow vertical crustal movements (including isostasy and postglacial phenomena)
- 91.45.Qv Tomography of plate tectonics
- 91.45.Sx Relations of gravity observations to tectonics and isostasy
- 91.45.Ty Folds and Folding
- 91.45.Vz Fractures and faults
- 91.45.Yb Pluton emplacement
- 91.50.-r Marine geology and geophysics
- 91.50.Cw Beach, coastal, and shelf processes
- 91.50.Ey Ocean bottom processes
- 91.50.Ga Bathymetry and noncoastal underwater morphology
- 91.50.Jc Turbidity currents, sedimentation
- 91.60.-x Physical properties of rocks and minerals
- 91.60.Ba Elasticity, fracture, and flow
- 91.60.Dc Creep and deformation
- 91.60.Ed Crystal structure and defects
- 91.60.Fe Equations of state
- 91.60.Gf High-pressure behavior
- 91.60.Hg Phase changes
- 91.60.Ki Thermal properties
- 91.60.Lj Acoustic properties
- 91.60.Mk Optical properties
- 91.60.Pn Magnetic and electric properties; environmental magnetism
- 91.65.-n Geophysical aspects of geology, mineralogy, and petrology
- 91.65.Br Geochemical cycles
- 91.65.Dt Isotopic composition/chemistry
- 91.65.Fw Low-temperature geochemistry
- 91.65.Hy Organic geochemistry
- 91.65.Nd Trace elements
- 91.65.Rg Mineral occurrences and deposits
- 91.65.Ti Sedimentary petrology
- 91.65.Vj Major element composition
- 91.70.-c Information related to geologic time
- 91.70.Bf Cenozoic
- 91.70.Dh Mesozoic
- 91.70.Fj Paleozoic
- 91.70.Hm Precambrian
- 91.90.+p Other topics in solid Earth physics (restricted to new topics in section 91)
- 92. Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics
- 92.10.-c Physics of the oceans
- 92.10.Bf Physical properties of seawater
- 92.10.Cg Capillary waves
- 92.10.Dh Dynamics of the deep ocean
- 92.10.Ei Coriolis effects
- 92.10.Fj Dynamics of the upper ocean
- 92.10.Gk El Nino
- 92.10.Hm Surface waves, tides, and sea level
- 92.10.Jn Seiches
- 92.10.Kp Sea–air energy exchange processes
- 92.10.Lq Turbulence and diffusion
- 92.10.Mr Thermohaline structure and circulation
- 92.10.Ns Fine structure and microstructure
- 92.10.Pt Optical properties of sea water
- 92.10.Rw Sea ice
- 92.10.Sx Coastal and estuarine oceanography
- 92.10.Ty Fronts and jets
- 92.10.Vz Underwater sound
- 92.10.Wa Sediment transport
- 92.10.Yb Hydrography
- 92.20.-h Interdisciplinary aspects of oceanography
- 92.20.Bk Aerosols
- 92.20.Cm Chemistry of the ocean
- 92.20.Gr Ocean energy extraction
- 92.20.Hs Anoxic environments
- 92.20.Jt Biological aspects of oceanography
- 92.20.Kv Photochemistry
- 92.20.Lw Photosynthesis
- 92.20.Mx Physicochemical properties
- 92.20.Ny Marine pollution
- 92.20.Pz Bacteria
- 92.20.Rb Plankton
- 92.20.Td Radioactivity
- 92.40.-t Hydrology and glaciology
- 92.40.Cy Modeling; general theory
- 92.40.Ea Precipitation
- 92.40.Fb Rivers, runoff, and streamflow
- 92.40.Gc Erosion and sedimentation
- 92.40.Je Evaporation
- 92.40.Kf Groundwater
- 92.40.Lg Soil moisture
- 92.40.Ni Limnology
- 92.40.Qk Water quality and water resources
- 92.40.Rm Snow
- 92.40.Sn Ice
- 92.40.Vq Glaciers
- 92.60.-e Meteorology
- 92.60.Bh General circulation
- 92.60.Dj Gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves
- 92.60.Ek Convection, turbulence, and diffusion
- 92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes
- 92.60.Gn Winds and their effects
- 92.60.Hp Chemical composition and chemical interactions
- 92.60.Jq Water in the atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation)
- 92.60.Ls Ionic interactions and processes
- 92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols
- 92.60.Nv Cloud physics; stratus and cumulus clouds
- 92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity
- 92.60.Qx Storms
- 92.60.Ry Climatology
- 92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution
- 92.60.Ta Interaction of atmosphere with electromagnetic waves; propagation
- 92.60.Vb Solar radiation
- 92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction
- 92.70.-j Global change
- 92.70.Cp Atmosphere
- 92.70.Er Biogeochemical processes
- 92.70.Gt Climate dynamics
- 92.70.Jw Oceans
- 92.70.Ly Water cycles
- 92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics (restricted to new topics in section 92)
- 93. Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques
- 93.30.-w Information related to geographical regions
- 93.30.Bz Africa
- 93.30.Ca Antarctica
- 93.30.Db Asia
- 93.30.Fd Australia
- 93.30.Ge Europe
- 93.30.Hf North America
- 93.30.Jg South America
- 93.30.Kh Large islands (e.g., Greenland)
- 93.30.Li Arctic Ocean
- 93.30.Mj Atlantic Ocean
- 93.30.Nk Indian Ocean
- 93.30.Pm Pacific Ocean
- 93.30.Qn Southern Ocean
- 93.30.Rp Regional seas
- 93.30.Sq Polar regions
- 93.30.Tr Temperate regions
- 93.30.Vs Tropical regions
- 93.55.+z International organizations, national and international programs
- 93.65.+e Data acquisition and storage
- 93.85.+q Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical research
- 94. Aeronomy and magnetospheric physics
- 94.10.-s Physics of the neutral atmosphere
- 94.10.Bw General properties of the high atmosphere
- 94.10.Dy Atmospheric structure, pressure, density, and temperature (stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere)
- 94.10.Fa Atmospheric composition (atomic or molecular), chemical reactions and processes
- 94.10.Gb Absorption and scattering of radiation
- 94.10.Jd Tides, waves, and winds
- 94.10.Lf Convection, diffusion, mixing, turbulence, and fallout
- 94.10.Nh Cosmic dust
- 94.10.Rk Aurora and airglow
- 94.20.-y Physics of the ionosphere
- 94.20.Bb Wave propagation
- 94.20.Dd Ionospheric structure (D, E, F, and topside regions) including steady-state ion densities and temperatures
- 94.20.Ee D region
- 94.20.Gg E region
- 94.20.Ji F region
- 94.20.Kj Polar cap ionosphere
- 94.20.Lk Topside region
- 94.20.Mm Plasmasphere
- 94.20.Pp Plasmapause
- 94.20.Qq Particle precipitation
- 94.20.Rr Interactions between waves and particles
- 94.20.Ss Electric fields
- 94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings
- 94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances and modifications
- 94.20.Ww Plasma motion, convection, or circulation
- 94.20.Yx Interaction between ionosphere and magnetosphere
- 94.30.-d Physics of the magnetosphere
- 94.30.Bg Magnetic coordinate systems
- 94.30.Ch Magnetospheric configuration
- 94.30.Di Magnetopause
- 94.30.Ej Magnetic tail
- 94.30.Fk Plasma motion, convection, or circulation
- 94.30.Gm Plasma instabilities
- 94.30.Hn Trapped particles
- 94.30.Jp Ring currents
- 94.30.Kq Electric fields
- 94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms
- 94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations
- 94.30.Tz Waves: propagation and excitation
- 94.30.Va Magnetosheath; interaction with interplanetary space (including solar wind)
- 94.80.+g Instrumentation for aeronomy and magnetospheric studies
- 94.90.+m Other topics in aeronomy and magnetospheric physics (restricted to new topics in section 94)
- 95. Fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations
- 95.10.-a Fundamental astronomy
- 95.10.Ce Celestial mechanics (including n-body problems) (see also 45.50.Pk in classical mechanics of discrete systems)
- 95.10.Eg Orbit determination and improvement
- 95.10.Fh Chaotic dynamics
- 95.10.Gi Eclipses, transits, and occultations
- 95.10.Jk Astrometry and reference systems
- 95.10.Km Ephemerides, almanacs, and calendars
- 95.30.-k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics
- 95.30.Cq Elementary particle processes
- 95.30.Dr Atomic processes and interactions
- 95.30.Ft Molecular and chemical processes and interactions
- 95.30.Gv Radiation mechanisms; polarization
- 95.30.Jx Radiative transfer; scattering
- 95.30.Ky Atomic and molecular data, spectra, and spectral parameters (opacities, rotation constants, line identification, oscillator strengths, gf values, transition probabilities, etc.)
- 95.30.Lz Hydrodynamics
- 95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas
- 95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation
- 95.30.Tg Thermodynamic processes, conduction, convection, equations of state
- 95.30.Wi Dust processes (condensation, evaporation, sputtering, mantle growth, etc.)
- 95.35.+d Dark matter (stellar, interstellar, galactic, and cosmological)
- 95.40.+s Artificial Earth satellites
- 95.45.+i Observatories and site testing
- 95.55.-n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation
- 95.55.Aq Charge-coupled devices, image detectors, and IR detector arrays
- 95.55.Br Astrometric and interferometric instruments
- 95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Ev Solar instruments
- 95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes
- 95.55.Jz Radio telescopes and instrumentation; heterodyne receivers
- 95.55.Ka X- and &ggr;-ray telescopes and instrumentation
- 95.55.Pe Lunar, planetary, and deep-space probes
- 95.55.Qf Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic instrumentation
- 95.55.Rg Photoconductors and bolometers
- 95.55.Sh Auxiliary and recording instruments; clocks and frequency standards
- 95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particle detectors; cosmic ray detectors
- 95.55.Ym Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other instrumentation and techniques
- 95.75.-z Observation and data reduction techniques; computer modeling and simulation
- 95.75.De Photography and photometry (including microlensing techniques)
- 95.75.Fg Spectroscopy and spectrophotometry
- 95.75.Hi Polarimetry
- 95.75.Kk Interferometry
- 95.75.Mn Image processing (including source extraction)
- 95.75.Pq Mathematical procedures and computer techniques
- 95.75.Qr Adaptive and segmented optics
- 95.75.Rs Remote observing techniques
- 95.75.Tv Digitization techniques
- 95.75.Wx Time series analysis, time variability
- 95.80.+p Astronomical catalogs, atlases, sky surveys, databases, retrieval systems, archives, etc.
- 95.85.-e Astronomical observations (additional primary heading(s) must be chosen with these entries to represent the astronomical objects and/or properties studied)
- 95.85.Bh Radio, microwave (>1 mm)
- 95.85.Fm Submillimeter (300 &mgr;m–1 mm)
- 95.85.Gn Far infrared (10–300 &mgr;m)
- 95.85.Hp Infrared (3–10 &mgr;m)
- 95.85.Jq Near infrared (0.75–3 &mgr;m)
- 95.85.Kr Visible (390–750 nm)
- 95.85.Ls Near ultraviolet (300–390 nm)
- 95.85.Mt Ultraviolet (10–300 nm)
- 95.85.Nv X-ray
- 95.85.Pw &ggr;-ray
- 95.85.Ry Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particles; cosmic rays
- 95.85.Sz Gravitational radiation, magnetic fields, and other observations
- 95.90.+v Historical astronomy and archaeoastronomy; and other topics in fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations
- 96. Solar System
- 96.10.+i General, solar nebula, and cosmogony
- 96.20.-n Moon
- 96.20.Br Origin, formation, and age
- 96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, petrology, and atmosphere
- 96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, magnetic fields
- 96.20.Ka Cratering
- 96.30.-t Planets, their satellites and rings; asteroids
- 96.30.Dz Mercury
- 96.30.Ea Venus
- 96.30.Gc Mars
- 96.30.Kf Jupiter
- 96.30.Mh Saturn
- 96.30.Pj Uranus
- 96.30.Rm Neptune
- 96.30.Sn Pluto
- 96.30.Wr Planetary rings
- 96.30.Ys Asteroids (minor planets)
- 96.35.-j Planetary, asteroid, cometary, and satellite characteristics and properties
- 96.35.Cp Origin, formation, evolution, and ages
- 96.35.Er Chemical composition
- 96.35.Fs Mass, size; gravitational fields; rotation; orbits
- 96.35.Gt Surface features, cratering, and topography
- 96.35.Hv Neutral atmospheres
- 96.35.Kx Ionospheres; magnetospheres
- 96.35.Mz Interiors
- 96.35.Na Volcanism and tectonics
- 96.35.Pb Electric and magnetic fields
- 96.35.Se Interplanetary comparisons
- 96.40.-z Cosmic rays
- 96.40.Cd Interplanetary propagation and effects
- 96.40.De Composition, energy spectra, and interactions
- 96.40.Fg Energetic solar particles and photons
- 96.40.Kk Solar modulation and geophysical effects
- 96.40.Pq Extensive air showers
- 96.40.Tv Neutrinos and muons
- 96.40.Vw Cosmic-ray effects in meteorites and terrestrial matter
- 96.50.-e Interplanetary space
- 96.50.Bh Solar and interplanetary electric and magnetic fields (including solar wind fields)
- 96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma
- 96.50.Dj Interplanetary gas and dust (including gegenschein and zodiacal light)
- 96.50.Ek Solar wind interactions with planets, satellites, and comets (for interactions with Earth, see 94.30.Va)
- 96.50.Fm Shock waves
- 96.50.Gn Comets
- 96.50.Hp Oort cloud
- 96.50.Jq Kuiper belt
- 96.50.Kr Meteors, meteoroids, and meteor streams
- 96.50.Mt Meteorites, micrometeorites, and tektites
- 96.50.Pw Particle acceleration
- 96.50.Qx Stream-stream interactions
- 96.50.Ry Waves and discontinuities
- 96.60.-j Solar physics
- 96.60.Bn Diameter, figure, rotation, mass
- 96.60.Fs Chemical composition
- 96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields
- 96.60.Jw Solar interior
- 96.60.Ly Oscillations and waves; helioseismology
- 96.60.Mz Photosphere, granulation
- 96.60.Na Chromosphere and chromosphere–corona transition; spicules
- 96.60.Pb Corona; coronal loops, streamers, and holes
- 96.60.Qc Sunspots, faculae, plages
- 96.60.Rd Flares, bursts, and related phenomena
- 96.60.Se Prominences
- 96.60.Tf Solar electromagnetic radiation
- 96.60.Vg Particle radiation, solar wind, and solar neutrinos
- 96.60.Wh Coronal mass ejection
- 96.90.+c Other topics on the solar system (restricted to new topics in section 96)
- 97. Stars
- 97.10.-q Stellar characteristics and properties
- 97.10.Bt Star formation
- 97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages
- 97.10.Ex Stellar atmospheres (photospheres, chromospheres, coronae, magnetospheres); radiative transfer; opacity and line formation
- 97.10.Fy Circumstellar shells, clouds, and expanding envelopes; circumstellar masers
- 97.10.Gz Accretion and accretion disks
- 97.10.Jb Stellar activity
- 97.10.Kc Stellar rotation
- 97.10.Ld Magnetic and electric fields; polarization of starlight
- 97.10.Me Mass loss and stellar winds
- 97.10.Nf Masses
- 97.10.Pg Radii
- 97.10.Qh Surface features (including starspots)
- 97.10.Ri Luminosities; magnitudes; effective temperatures, colors, and spectral classification
- 97.10.Sj Pulsations, oscillations, and stellar seismology
- 97.10.Tk Abundances, chemical composition
- 97.10.Vm Distances, parallaxes
- 97.10.Wn Proper motions and radial velocities (line-of-sight velocities); space motions
- 97.10.Xq Luminosity and mass functions
- 97.10.Yp Star counts, distribution, and statistics
- 97.10.Zr Hertzsprung-Russell, color-magnitude, and color-color diagrams
- 97.20.-w Normal stars (by class): general or individual
- 97.20.Ec Main-sequence: early-type stars (O and B)
- 97.20.Ge Main-sequence: intermediate-type stars (A and F)
- 97.20.Jg Main-sequence: late-type stars (G, K, and M)
- 97.20.Li Giant and subgiant stars
- 97.20.Pm Supergiant stars
- 97.20.Rp Faint blue stars (including blue stragglers), white dwarfs, degenerate stars, nuclei of planetary nebulae
- 97.20.Tr Population II stars (horizontal branch, metal poor, etc.)
- 97.20.Vs Low luminosity stars, subdwarfs, and brown dwarfs
- 97.20.Wt Population III stars
- 97.21.+a Pre-main sequence objects, young stellar objects (YSO's) and protostars (T Tauri stars, Orion population, Herbig–Haro objects, Bok globules, bipolar outflows, cometary nebulae, etc.)
- 97.30.-b Variable and peculiar stars (including novae)
- 97.30.Dg Low-amplitude blue variables (alpha Cygni, beta Cephei, delta Scuti, delta Delphini, delta Canis Majoris, SX Phoenicius, etc.)
- 97.30.Eh Emission-line stars (Of, Be, Luminous Blue Variables, Wolf–Rayet, etc.)
- 97.30.Fi Chemically peculiar stars (Ap, Am, etc.)
- 97.30.Gj Cepheids (delta Cephei, W Virginis)
- 97.30.Hk Carbon stars, S stars, and related types (C, S, R, and N)
- 97.30.Jm Long-period variables (Miras) and semiregulars
- 97.30.Kn RR Lyrae stars; RV Tauri and PV Telescopii variables
- 97.30.Nr Flare stars (UV Ceti, RS Canum Venaticorum, FU Orionis, R Coronae Borealis variables, etc.)
- 97.30.Qt Novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and other cataclysmic (eruptive) variables
- 97.30.Sw Unusual and peculiar variables
- 97.60.-s Late stages of stellar evolution (including black holes)
- 97.60.Bw Supernovae
- 97.60.Gb Pulsars
- 97.60.Jd Neutron stars
- 97.60.Lf Black holes
- 97.80.-d Binary and multiple stars
- 97.80.Af Astrometric and interferometric binaries
- 97.80.Di Visual binaries
- 97.80.Fk Spectroscopic binaries; close binaries
- 97.80.Gm Cataclysmic binaries (novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and nova-like objects); symbiotic stars
- 97.80.Hn Eclipsing binaries
- 97.80.Jp X-ray binaries
- 97.80.Kq Multiple stars
- 97.82.-j Extrasolar planetary systems
- 97.82.Cp Photometric and spectroscopic detection; coronographic detection; interferometric detection
- 97.82.Fs Substellar companions; planets
- 97.82.Jw Infrared excess; debris disks; protoplanetary disks; exo-zodiacal dust
- 97.90.+j Other topics on stars (restricted to new topics in section 97)
- 98. Stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe
- 98.10.+z Stellar dynamics and kinematics
- 98.20.-d Stellar clusters and associations
- 98.20.Af Associations of stars (OB, T, R) in the Milky Way
- 98.20.Bg Associations of stars (OB, T, R) in external galaxies
- 98.20.Di Open clusters in the Milky Way
- 98.20.Fk Open clusters in external galaxies
- 98.20.Gm Globular clusters in the Milky Way
- 98.20.Jp Globular clusters in external galaxies
- 98.35.-a Characteristics and properties of the Milky Way galaxy
- 98.35.Ac Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.35.Bd Chemical composition and chemical evolution
- 98.35.Ce Mass and mass distribution
- 98.35.Df Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.35.Eg Electric and magnetic fields
- 98.35.Gi Galactic halo
- 98.35.Hj Spiral arms and galactic disk
- 98.35.Jk Galactic center, bar, circumnuclear matter, and bulge (including black hole and distance measurements)
- 98.35.Ln Stellar content and populations; morphology and overall structure
- 98.35.Mp Infall and accretion
- 98.35.Nq Galactic winds and fountains
- 98.35.Pr Solar neighborhood
- 98.38.-j Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in Milky Way
- 98.38.Am Physical properties (abundances, electron density, magnetic fields, scintillation, scattering, kinematics, dynamics, turbulence, etc.)
- 98.38.Bn Atomic, molecular, and chemical, and grain processes
- 98.38.Cp Interstellar dust grains; diffuse emission; infrared cirrus
- 98.38.Dq Molecular clouds, H2 clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds
- 98.38.Er Interstellar masers
- 98.38.Fs Jets, outflows, and bipolar flows
- 98.38.Gt H I regions and 21-cm lines; diffuse, translucent, and high-velocity clouds
- 98.38.Hv H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae
- 98.38.Jw Infrared emission
- 98.38.Kx Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.38.Ly Planetary nebulae
- 98.38.Mz Supernova remnants
- 98.52.-b Normal galaxies; extragalactic objects and systems (by type)
- 98.52.Cf Classification and classification systems
- 98.52.Eh Elliptical galaxies
- 98.52.Lp Lenticular (S0) galaxies
- 98.52.Nr Spiral galaxies
- 98.52.Sw Irregular and morphologically peculiar galaxies
- 98.52.Wz Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal)
- 98.54.-h Quasars; active or peculiar galaxies, objects, and systems
- 98.54.Aj Quasars
- 98.54.Cm Active and peculiar galaxies and related systems (including BL Lacertae objects, blazars, Seyfert galaxies, Markarian galaxies, and active galactic nuclei)
- 98.54.Ep Starburst galaxies and infrared excess galaxies
- 98.54.Gr Radio galaxies
- 98.54.Kt Protogalaxies; primordial galaxies
- 98.56.-p Local group; Magellanic Clouds
- 98.56.Ew Elliptical galaxies
- 98.56.Ne Spiral galaxies (M31 and M33)
- 98.56.Si Magellanic Clouds and other irregular galaxies
- 98.56.Tj Magellanic stream
- 98.56.Wm Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal)
- 98.58.-w Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in external galaxies
- 98.58.Ay Physical properties (abundances, electron density, magnetic fields, scintillation, scattering, kinematics, dynamics, turbulence, etc.)
- 98.58.Bz Atomic, molecular, chemical, and grain processes
- 98.58.Ca Interstellar dust grains; diffuse emission; infrared cirrus
- 98.58.Db Molecular clouds, H2 clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds
- 98.58.Ec Interstellar masers
- 98.58.Fd Jets, outflows and bipolar flows
- 98.58.Ge H I regions and 21-cm lines; diffuse, translucent, and high-velocity clouds
- 98.58.Hf H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae
- 98.58.Jg Infrared emission
- 98.58.Kh Intercloud medium (ICM); hot and highly ionized gas; bubbles
- 98.58.Li Planetary nebulae
- 98.58.Mj Supernova remnants
- 98.58.Nk Tidal tails; H I shells
- 98.62.-g Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects
- 98.62.Ai Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation
- 98.62.Bj Chemical composition and chemical evolution
- 98.62.Ck Masses and mass distribution
- 98.62.Dm Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation
- 98.62.En Electric and magnetic fields
- 98.62.Gq Galactic halos
- 98.62.Hr Spiral arms and bars; galactic disks
- 98.62.Js Galactic nuclei (including black holes), circumnuclear matter, and bulges
- 98.62.Lv Stellar content and populations; radii; morphology and overall structure
- 98.62.Mw Infall, accretion, and accretion disks
- 98.62.Nx Jets and bursts; galactic winds and fountains
- 98.62.Py Distances, redshifts, radial velocities; spatial distribution of galaxies
- 98.62.Qz Magnitudes and colors; luminosities
- 98.62.Ra Intergalactic matter; quasar absorption and emission-line systems; Lyman forest
- 98.62.Sb Gravitational lenses and luminous arcs
- 98.62.Tc Astrometry; identification
- 98.62.Ve Statistical and correlative studies of properties (luminosity and mass functions; mass-to-light ratio; Tully-Fisher relation, etc.)
- 98.65.-r Galaxy groups, clusters, and superclusters; large scale structure of the Universe
- 98.65.At Interacting galaxies; galaxy pairs, and triples
- 98.65.Bv Small and compact galaxy groups
- 98.65.Cw Galaxy clusters
- 98.65.Dx Superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe (including voids, pancakes, great wall, etc.)
- 98.65.Fz Galaxy mergers, collisions, and tidal interactions
- 98.65.Hb Intracluster matter; cooling flows
- 98.70.-f Unidentified sources of radiation outside the Solar System
- 98.70.Dk Radio sources
- 98.70.Lt IR sources
- 98.70.Qy X-ray sources; X-ray bursts
- 98.70.Rz &ggr;-ray sources; &ggr;-ray bursts
- 98.70.Sa Cosmic rays (including sources, origin, acceleration, and interactions)
- 98.70.Vc Background radiations
- 98.80.-k Cosmology
- 98.80.Bp Origin and formation of the Universe
- 98.80.Cq Particle-theory and field-theory models of the early Universe (including cosmic pancakes, cosmic strings, chaotic phenomena, inflationary universe, etc.)
- 98.80.Es Observational cosmology (including Hubble constant, distance scale, cosmological constant, early Universe, etc)
- 98.80.Ft Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements
- 98.80.Jk Mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology
- 98.80.Qc Quantum cosmology
- 98.90.+s Other topics on stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe (restricted to new topics in section 98)
- 99.10.-x Errata and other corrections
- 99.10.Cd Errata
- 99.10.Fg Publisher's note
- 99.10.Jk Corrected article
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